Throughout the long history of the NTUA, a high level of mathematical education has been considered essential for the proper training of engineers. Thus, mathematics at the NTUA has always provided not only an essential knowledge base, but also shaped the scientific training of the institution’s graduates in general. The founding decree of 1836 highlights the important role of mathematics as a basic tool for technological development, both in terms of the dynamics of its theory and the wealth of its applications. The combination of these two objectives, namely the training of skilled engineers and the provision of high-level mathematical education, formed the framework, based on the model of the French Polytechnic School, within which the NTUA began to operate alongside other European polytechnics. Distinguished mathematicians developed and refined a high-level mathematics program that, in addition to equipping all students with knowledge suitable for technological applications, also attracted students who went on to become distinguished mathematicians themselves. The Department of Mathematics continues this tradition today, educating students of the School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences (with approximately 60 courses) as well as other schools of the National Technical University of Athens (with approximately 50 courses), providing them with a high level of mathematical education.